The Carolingian Renaissance - 1472 Words

The Carolingian Renaissance is known for the cultural transitions and great achievements that were obtained in the 8th century under the direction of Charlemagne. Charlemagne, who was also known as Carolus Magnus and Charles the Great, was one of the greatest leaders during the Middle Ages. He was a military man, king of the Franks, and was appointed as Roman emperor in 800 AD. Throughout Europe, he was seen as a great example of an emperor and Christian king. Not only did he revive the political system but also the cultural life of Europe. His activities had a spectacular effect on education and culture in Francia, a debatable effect on artistic endeavors, and an immeasurable effect on what mattered most to the Carolingians, the moral†¦show more content†¦These changes included the incorporation of more illumination and decorations in the books and the study books contained some images, but they were not illustrated with color. This tendency grew into the Gothic period wher e there were bigger image sizes but at least one if not many decorations around the page. Foliate patterns on elaborate boarders were the common fixings integrated in the manuscript. A different artist was utilized to work on different part of the decoration. An artist had their own unique skill that they used when working on a certain piece of an image. A standardized form of Latin, which originated from Classical Latin, was used in the texts along with new-formed words. Medieval Latin was most used in that time and was a common language used by the people of Europe. In fact, this language was commonly used by businessmen and scholars for communication, learning and administration purposes. The texts were usually incorporated first when it came to constructing an illuminated manuscript. Script depended on the style that was currently being used in society and the one that were most popular. Scripts such as Uncial and half-Uncial were introduced because of the ongoing development and usage of unique texts such as insular miniscule and insular majuscule. Before these texts were established, the Roman lettersShow MoreRelatedThe Carolingian Renaissance By Kelli Floyd804 Words   |  4 PagesThe Carolingian Renaissance By: Kelli Floyd Introduction The Carolingian Renaissance was a very important time in history that had a very large impact on Western Civilization. There is no way to know how different our world would have been without it. Both written and spoken language would have likely been radically different without both Charlemagne and Alcuin of York. What is the Carolingian Renaissance? The Carolingian Renaissance was a period of history brought on by Charlemagne. The respectRead MoreCharlemagne And The Carolingian Renaissance1677 Words   |  7 PagesNaomi Spiegelman Professor Rui de Sousa Medieval Civilization - Section 01 27 September 2017 Charlemagne and the Carolingian Renaissance The Carolingian Empire was not at full fruition when Charlemagne rose to power, it was quite the contrary. In the eighth century, the lands covered by what is now known as France and Belgium, as well as part of Germany made up the Frankish state ruled by the kings of the Merovingian line. The Merovingian empire was weak and in a steady decline; the majority ofRead MoreCultural Development During The Carolingian Renaissance892 Words   |  4 PagesOne cultural development was during the Carolingian Renaissance. In an attempt to unify his empire Charlemagne directed that the Christian worship practices of city of Rome should become the norm throughout his territories. Charlemagne then sent one his scholar courtiers to ask Pope Hadrian I for a â€Å"pure Gregorian â€Å"sacramentary. However, this book was incomplete and as a result it was supplemented with texts and ceremonies familiar to Frankish worshipers. The fusion of sober, classical Roman prayerRead MoreThe Reign Of The Carol ingian Dynasty1429 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough the reign of the Carolingian dynasty occupied only a brief part of the entirety of the medieval era, the Carolingian Empire that was established during that period made both a historical and cultural impact on medieval society that would resonate for years to come. Until the empire fell in 888, the Carolingian House of the Franks initially brought stability and progress to most of Europe, as well as pioneering a cultural and intellectual renaissance that influenced the remainder of the MiddleRead More Charlemagne Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesAD 844 to describe the reign of the most influential Frankish king Charlemagne ( Lectures 1). Charlemagne, son of Pepin the Short, ruled the Franks for 47 years (Koeller 1). The Carolingian Dynasty, of which Charlemagne was a member, was established in AD 751 when Pepin dethroned the last Merovingian king. The Carolingians ruled a land that â€Å"spoke several different tongues, had different cultural and historical traditions, and different institutions.†(Nelson 2). The great variation found in the peopleRead MoreCharlemagne: The Hero of the Dark Age Europe Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagesof the nations currently being peaceful and strongly-established. Although many believe that Charlemagne had problems that represented the unstable feudal world, he was a hero for he unified many people in an organized manner, caused the Carolingian Renaissance, and retrieved the Dark Age lands away from darkness. Primarily, by prompting several lands and peoples to coalesce in an unified and coherent fashion, Charlemagne was a hero. He started out by reforming his empire. The great king codifiedRead MoreEssay on A Very Brief History of the Papacy1499 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen the invasion by barbarians. As the barbarians invaded the church converted. Their motto was, â€Å"to convert the monarch and the people would eventually follow . There were positive and negative ramifications to this reality. We see the Carolingian Renaissance, which was brought on by the conversion of the Franks, and the Monastic Ideal. The monastery consists of monks and nuns. Literature survived due to the monks that were under command of Charlemagne copied all the literature of that time. Read MoreCharlemagne Or Charles The Great1525 Words   |  7 PagesFrankish Kingdom in a series of conquests that united most of Western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire. He also introduced many governme ntal, cultural and economic reforms to further his great ‘Carolingian’ Empire. Additionally the Emperor fostered the Carolingian renaissance, a time of great cultural and intellectual revival and reinforced the Christian foothold on Europe. Charlemagne’s role in Medieval Europe was as a complete leader and emperor, one that effectively managed everyRead MoreThe Catholic Church during the 7th and 8th Century1213 Words   |  5 Pagesruled in the period from the 6th to the 7th century. The most sophisticated Barbarians, the Carolingians, got lots of benefits from the decline of the Merovingian’s, when they got the power to the throne. Before that, they performed the roles of the mayors and took other positions in the empire. The church did not miss an opportunity to approve the change of the power from the Merovingian’s to the Carolingians. It happened when the mayor wrote a letter to the pope, stating that the king did not copeRead MoreCharlemagne : The King Of The Frankish1515 Words   |  7 Pagesfather Pepin the short, with his brother Carloman as co-ruler. He became king of Italy in 774 after his conquest of the Lombard kingdoms and after 800 A.D he was proclaimed the ‘Emperor of the Roma ns’ by the Pope Leo III. This marks the peak of the Carolingian empire that Charlemagne founded [2], which covered vast swathes of western Europe and was the largest Christian kingdom of the time (1,112,000 square kilometers) [3]. Through Charlemagne’s exceptional drive and vision to unite his people under a

A Cold Bed With No Blanket - 845 Words

I stare up at the ceiling in the darkness, my mind clouded with questions like the foggy city outside. The moon and stars are hidden within the haze. Slivers of light manage to make it through the crooked, half open blinds and onto the old wall. I turn my head on my pillow and squeeze my eyes shut, trying to forget about my past nightmares and fall asleep, but my insomnia hits and I lay awake in a mental state where I am dreaming, but comprehending the real world at the same time. There is no end to this horror. It’s burning me from the inside out, scorching my mind. I reach up and touch my forehead lightly - fever. Yet, I lay in a cold bed with no blanket. I give up on sleep tonight like every other day this week and sit up on the side of my bed, my feet barely touching the ground. They graze the cold, metal floor, careful to avoid the sharp nails poking up from the abandoned apartment below. I slip on my grey and patchy bunny slippers, wiggling my big toe out of of one the many holes that were created over months of wear and tear. I quietly walk down the stairs of the building. Ducking below the vines that covered the entrance and emerging outside to an empty street, the chorus of crickets and frogs fill my ears. They seemed unusually loud tonight. I step onto a soft, slippery bundle on the ground. A newspaper from the day prior. I slowly pick up the plastic covering and walk back into the building. I reach up and try to find a cord hanging from the ceiling. Click. AShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative : My Traumatic Childhood910 Words   |  4 Pagesmiddle of July. I was in my crappy two-story house in bed. I remembered the wind to be wild that night and of course the walls of the house were as thin as paper, so it sounded like a tornado was forming outside. I was having trouble falling asleep, so I went to get a glass of milk. I don’t know why I did that; people say it’s supposed to help you fall asleep. That’s probably bull shit, though. After the glass of milk, I walked quietly back to bed and closed my eyes; they weren’t closed for long. ThereRead MoreDreams And Its Perception Of The Subconscious, The Clay1139 Words   |  5 Pagestavern, the room was in shoddy condition. Only a single bed was located next to an splintered nightstand. A small lamp sits on the stand, a flint and steel resting by it, barley visible in deepening summer twilight. A short rug rested at the foot of the bed, just large enough fo r someone to lay on. There was only one blanket and pillow resting on the hay mattress and the entire room smelled faintly of stale sex. Of course there s only one bed, Marco grunts, straightening out his back with a smallRead MoreEssay about Hunters in the Snow - Character Analysis975 Words   |  4 Pagestruck bed with blankets. Frank and Tub stop twice to warm themselves. When they get back and continue, Kenny says â€Å"I’m going to the hospital† (99). However, they had taken a wrong turn a long way back in the opposite direction of the hospital (86-99). The first to be introduced in the story is the protagonist Tub. Although the story is in 3rd person, the point of view is focused on him. The way Wolff writes, the readers will instantly sympathize for Tub. He is the one waiting in the cold, has aRead MoreEssay About One-Night1600 Words   |  7 PagesIt was the trickling of cold wind across my arm that had woken me up. Shivering, I pulled the blanket up higher to cover my left-out shoulder; the warmth the blanket brought spread across my body at its own slow pace and I sighed. Did I leave the window open? It’s so cold in here. Refusing to leave the bed, I snuggled in closer to the warm body lying next to me. Despite it being cold outside the blanket, it felt so nice to be wrapped in such strong arms that encased my body. I felt protected,Read MoreChildhood Memories Essay619 Words   |  3 Pagesa ride on the bus. Ride to where, I thought excitedly. I remember waiting in the bus station; people going about their business. The bus we got on was huge, with room for at least a hundred people, with plenty of room. It was a cold, windy evening. I sat at the front so I could see out of the window. Bright lights were heading towards us. It seemed as though we had been travelling for hours. The bus stopped a few times to pick people up, on the way. A man got on andRead MoreShort Story1692 Words   |  7 Pagesthe omega lying naked on his bed. Louis perked his head up and grinned at Harry. â€Å"Louis where are your clothes?† Harry sighed. He stepped into the room and shut the door behind him. Louis shrugged and rolled onto his stomach sticking his bottom in the air. â€Å"H-arry, come ‘ere!† Louis shurred. The alpha sighed and walked towards the boy. He picked up one of the spare blankets tossed on the floor and covered Louis. The omega rolled onto his back wrapping the blanket tightly around his body. â€Å"HowRead MoreThe United States S1550 Words   |  7 Pagesthe icy currents of the San Francisco Bay â€Å"Alcatraz was never no good for nobody.† (Prisoner 1576 Frank Weatherman, the last prisoner to leave Alcatraz). The average cell in both B and C block was 5 feet by 9 feet. Prisoners had a small sink with cold running water, a small sleeping cot, and a toilet. There are 336 cells in total in B C block; there were originally 348 but 12 were removed when the stairways were added. Two cells at the end of the blocks were used as restrooms for the guard staffRead MoreTwo Formidable Entities Waged War1581 Words   |  7 Pagesto heed any attention to the role Atticus had assigned us. We huddled together futilely for warmth and cursed the cold that we had rejoiced less than a day ago. But the struggle was quickly pushed to the back of our minds as the more peculiar of the two events to take place that night began to unravel. Something brushed my shoulders, and I spun around to find its source. A blanket fell to the ground, and behind me stood a figure illuminated faintly by the vigorous fire. It was Boo Radley. IRead MoreEven though Vanessa’s mom had only sent us to our nap ten minutes ago, Vanessa – the other Vanessa800 Words   |  4 Pagesour nap ten minutes ago, Vanessa – the other Vanessa – twisted miserably in her pink pony sheets. She sighed and flopped over onto her stomach. She coughed once and then made a small whining noise. Down on the floor, I turned my back slowly to the bed. I knew she might look over the edge soon and I wanted her to think I was asleep. I didn’t want to see her big blue eyes and the face I knew would be wide awake. I never slept, but I wanted to pretend I did now. If she believed I was asleep, she’d beRead MoreThe Christmas Of Alexander Buffalo1171 Words   |  5 Pagesabsolute gem. In the far corner sat his never ending waterfall which took water from the ocean. With his technology though it filtered all the salt out and made him some fresh water. His bed lay in the opposite corner with the softest of silk from the wondrous silkworms from his neighbor the oracle. The blankets were made from the best fleece of the softest of sheep also from the oracle. The kitchen held many wonders as well, which by another tunnel with turns and stairs, contained a sink pumping

Extinction free essay sample

Using the word â€Å"thou,† showering once a year, and dressing up at airports are all things that were once practiced religiously no longer a necessity of today’s ever-changing world. Extinction is part of the natural evolution of our world. It is the cycle that claimed the dinosaur and the dodo bird, bell bottoms and speakeasies. However, if I could wave my hands in a circular motion, waft in the presence of the almighty and save one thing from this vicious cycle it would be literature. For through literature, we as a society can form ideas and practices that never before crossed our minds. A fountain of questions, ideas, youth, true beauty, love, lust, and anything and everything found on the complex palette of human emotion and thought leaks through the pages of literature marinating our brains in the idea that there is so much more. Our world is a place of broken molds and shattered glass ceilings. We will write a custom essay sample on Extinction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Grant it Gossip Girl and The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants probably had nothing to do with it, but the likes of Socrates, Thoreau, and Twain did. Whether pondering philosophy on the shores of Walden Pond or learning about how to be a true friend with Huckleberry Finn, literature can take us to places and thoughts just out of our reach. For literature tests the limits of our souls and the direction of our hearts simply through words splattered in ink accordingly onto paper. It is the heartbeat of human thought pumping ideas into our ever-changing philosophies. To save literature from extinction I would ask the world where it would be without works of fiction and fact that inspired the great thinkers of our time and those before us. Where would we be if Shakespeare never asked, â€Å"To be or not to be?† Where would we be if Gatsby never yearned for the green light, or if Atticus Finch never stood up for equal rights in a sweaty southern courtroom? To erase all forms of lit erature from society would be to erase advanced thought. For because of its history with the world, the relationship it has with society, and the utter importance of it in our culture, literature would never become extinct in a sane world. In â€Å"Ulysses† Tennyson states, â€Å"We are not now that strength which in old days Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are, One equal temper of heroic hearts, Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.† We can no longer set out on epic voyages to discover new land on earth. But, literature has given us the courage to realize our strengths, put aside our weaknesses and like Ulysses stretch to the horizon, to take â€Å"the road less traveled by,† to raise our sails and never look back. Literature is a vessel that knows no barriers; it is the physical evidence of the development of the human brain. For without literature our minds would forever remain within the m olds of society, trapped in a set pattern. Knowing not of the thoughts of those that came before us would constrict us beyond belief. For literature is an outlet to the world, a window into our souls, and an inspiration to the next great mind. Referenced: †¢ Gossip Girl Cecily Von Ziegesar †¢ The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants Ann Brashares †¢ Walden – Henry David Thoreau †¢ Huckleberry Finn- Mark Twain †¢ Hamlet- William Shakespeare †¢ To Kill A Mockingbird- Harper Lee †¢ The Great Gatsby- F. Scott Fitzgerald †¢ Ulysses- Alfred Tennyson †¢ The Road Not Taken- Robert Frost

Lateral Violence Essay Example

Lateral Violence Essay The Negative Effects of â€Å"Nurses Eating their Young† and how to stop them Kenton David Peacock, RN Chipola College BSN Program Jonna Bradley, ARNP, Instructor The Nursing profession is not one that one would expect to be riddled with acts of violence among colleagues. A common saying among new nurses relating to more seasoned nurses is that â€Å"Nurses eat their young†. Two of the reasons that were cited as factors in lateral violence, according to a journal article in Virginia Nurses Today, are low self-esteem and lack of respect for others (Brothers, Condon, Cross, Ganske, amp; Lewis, 2011). These traits are not traits that one would expect to be a major player in the personality of such a caring profession. The presence of lateral violence (LV) in the workplace has a negative effect on healthcare delivery. Oddly, the introduction that a potential nurse will have to LV in the workplace can actually begin within the Nursing school setting. There are those that question whether that the origin of LV is within the educational institutions that train nurses and their faculty (Beasley, 2010). Faculty incivility, in which incivility is a term that was coined for lateral violence, creates a destructive culture that denies students the opportunity to learn, grow, and develop in a profession that is known for its compassion (Beasley, 2010). Lateral violence can be significantly reduced or eliminated when the behavior is recognized, acknowledged, and appropriately and consistently addressed at both the individual and organizational level (Harley, n. d. ). We will write a custom essay sample on Lateral Violence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lateral Violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lateral Violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The implementation of training regarding the incidence of LV and its’ consequences is a means to improve the nursing work environment, patient care outcomes, and nurse retention – elements negatively affected by LV in the workplace (Embree amp; White, 2010). There are many negative results from LV related to the nursing work environment. The direct result is the level of stress that those that are involved, especially on the receiving end of LV, are plagued with within the workplace. This directly results in an increased use of sick leave once the physical symptoms of the increased stress have their toll on the nurse’s body. Harter amp; Moody, 2010) Nursing retention is also a big problem, considering it is estimated that 60 percent of nurses leave their first position as a nurse due to some form of lateral violence (Harter amp; Moody, 2010). The average turnover rate is 8. 4 percent but increases to 27. 1 percent when it comes to first-year nurses. When nurses l eave, then the nurses that remain have a harder work-load and the end measure is a decrease in the care of the patient. The point of a nursing environment is the care of the patient and LV directly can affect this aspect of nursing. In a study to develop preventive intervention strategies, it was found that many new graduates experienced LV across all clinical settings. The results of the study of, with a response rate of 47 percent and 551 completed questionnaires, showed a increased rate of absenteeism, a high number of nurses considering leaving the field, and scores on the Impact of Event Scale (a psychological tool to evaluate impact of events in ones’ life or level of distress) indicated a serious impact of interpersonal conflict. As a result of the experience LV, several nurses mentioned that the events were detrimental to their confidence level and the self esteem (Mckenna, Smith, Poole, amp; Coverdale, 2003). It is of best practice to refrain from ignoring the behaviors that accompany those that respond to the work environment by acts of LV. Many nursing environments do not have on job educational opportunity regarding LV in the workplace and it often goes ignored by the upper-echelon of administration within an institution. Employers and Nurse Leaders should ensure that supportive services are available. Primary prevention begins with education and training of staff. According to the findings from this study, the importance of developing programs which effectively reduce horizontal or LV and lessen the psychological sequelae of these events was recognized (Mckenna, Smith, Poole, amp; Coverdale, 2003). Encouraging positive working relations among healthcare providers requires effective conflict management as part of a healthy working environment (Yoder-Wise, 2011). The role of the nurse leader is to create an environment that fosters open communication and collaborative practices for achieving mutual goals that enable nurses to practice constructive approaches to conflict management (Yoder-Wise, 2011). Through the use of LV, there are no conflict resolution measures enacted and individuals are ignoring the possibility of attempting resolution through the methods that are involved with lateral violence. Examples of lateral violence include: non-verbal innuendo, verbal confrontation, undermining ctivities, withholding information, sabotage, infighting, scapegoating, backstabbing, failure to respect privacy, and breaches of confidentiality (Yoder-Wise, 2011). Bullying is closely related to LV but a real or perceived power imbalance has to exist. New nurses may question the caring environment and aspect of the job when they are first introduced to LV in the workplace. In a study by Spartanburg Regional Healthcare system (SRHS), the addition of educ ation regarding LV saw a great response from nursing leaders and educational sessions became a regular occurrence (Stroud, 2010). It was discovered that by raising employees’ awareness of the issues and behaviors of LV, SRHS has seen a significant culture change within the organization. The culture change has not only decreased the negative effects of LV on retention, but it has empowered nurses as well as allied personnel to bring about significant change in their working relationships and their overall working environment (Stroud, 2010). Negative patient care outcomes have been shown to be linked to the incidence of lateral violence in the workplace setting. The effects of this type of violence within the healthcare setting not only affects the individual staff or team that is involved but also the effects are seen in the outcomes of the whole health care team due to the widening rift between employees, but ultimately the patient faces the repercussions (Becher amp; Visovsky, 2012). The Joint Commission indicated that the lack of communication that is associated with LV is a main factor in sentinel events affecting health care teams and compromising patient safety (Becher amp; Visovsky, 2012). Often, essential information can be omitted as a result of LV and the victimized nurse is found in a poor position to provide care for the patient and patient safety is compromised (Becher amp; Visovsky, 2012). Patient care can also be decreased by another form of hostility in the workplace known as vertical violence which is when a person in a position of authority over another uses negative behaviors towards staff. Those that find themselves in intimidating situations may sometimes choose to forego their role as patient advocate to avoid these intimidating situations (Center for American Nurses, 2008). It stands to reason that nurses that are perpetuating, participating in, or dealing with the effects of negativity† are less likely to respond fully and attentively to the needs of their patients (Weinand, 2007). Another researcher states that â€Å"some studies have even suggested that disruption among hospital coworkers can adversely affect clinical outcomes† (Weinand, 2007). The Joint Commission reports that up to 60 percent of actual or potential harm to patients can be linked to insufficient communication in healthcare organizations (Purpora amp; Blegen, 2012). It is hypothesized that with a breakdown in communication between nurses there is also a breakdown of quality and safety of patient care (Purpora amp; Blegen, 2012). One of the greatest aspects of the continuing incidence of lateral violence is the retention rate of nurses, as well as the financial consequences and future of the nursing field related to nurses leaving the field due to LV. Nursing is already a highly stressful field in ensuring that everything is done that can be done during a shift to take care of a patient. Patient loads are heavy and the degree of illnesses that nurses are tasked to deal with on a daily basis are enough to cause â€Å"burn out†. With the added weight of Nurses not getting along with each other many will eventually decide that the field is not right for them or the current place that they are employed is not right and will leave to search for greener pastures. LV has been linked to leaving employment (Ward-Smith, 2011). The use of LV in the work setting has some major consequences which include low employee morale and high employee turnover rates, according to Weinand (Weinand, 2007). One out of every three employees will leave the workplace due to LV (Weinand, 2007). There are many consequences of LV in the workplace, to include: sleeplessness, lowered confidence, anger, and they can lead to suicidal behaviors as well (Weinand, 2007). In one study related to the effects of LV and nurses leaving the workforce or their place of employments states that 41 percent of the respondents thought that the problem with conflict was â€Å"too invasive† in the organization with Nurses leaving the profession which resulted in a nursing shortage due to voluntary attrition rather than the lack of personnel (Weinand, 2007). The result of losing a nurse due to LV can be very detrimental to the finances of an institution due to the fact that it is estimated that training a nurse to replace a nurse that is leaving can approach or exceed 145,000 dollars for specialty areas. It is also estimated that LV can result in 30,000 – 100,000 dollars per year for each individual as a result of work absenteeism, treatment for depression and anxiety, decreased work performance, and increased turnover (Becher amp; Visovsky, 2012). The cost of a medical surgical nurse can approach 92,000 dollars to recruit, hire, and orient (Harter amp; Moody, 2010). The United States will soon face a nursing shortage that far outweighs the shortages of the past. With the increased amount of baby-boomers that will be entering the age that more hospitalizations and healthcare will be prevalent, there will be an increase in the need for the more experienced nurses to stay in the workforce and for the revolving door of the new graduates to slow down. The costs that further increase the effects of LV in the workplace are the increase in medication errors and the lawsuits that result from them (Harter amp; Moody, 2010). Nurses should embrace their peers and â€Å"show them the ropes†, helping each other to learn to be better nurses rather than belittling them for what they don’t know. In order to do away with the cannibalistic phrase related to seasoned nurses consuming the new nurses, a system will need to be embraced universally throughout the healthcare system. The Joint Commission has already created an adoptable outline to ensure that there are educational intentions regarding LV and maneuvers to evade continuing LV related practice. There are studies and literature that explain that the best way to rid the work setting of LV is to educate the staff and to create or adapt a â€Å"no tolerance† policy regarding LV. It is a necessary component of Nursing, as defined by the American Nurses Association Code of Ethics, to refrain from treating people in a way that denies them dignity. According to the Code of Ethics, â€Å"Individuals who become nurses are expected not only to adhere to the ideals and moral norms of the profession but also to embrace them as part of what it means to be a Nurse†. â€Å"The Code of Ethics for Nurses †¦ is the profession’s nonnegotiable ethical standard† (Dulaney, 2010). First and foremost a policy should be created or adopted which outlaws all forms of LV. People should be made aware of the policy and become familiar with it and it should be encouraged for Nurses to report incidents of LV. All staff members should be trained on how to deal with a situation that consists of inappropriate behaviors including recognizing them and how to report them. There should be an interdisciplinary group defined to deal with these situations and define violations as well as to deal with them appropriately. Dealing with LV in the workplace can increase nursing retention and serves to protect the reason why nurses exist which is to care for the patient and to do so safely. Reference Beasley, S. (2010). Nurse Educators:. The South Carolina Nurse, 4. Becher, J. amp; Visovsky, C. (2012). Horizontal Violence in Nursing. MEDSURG Nursing, 210-213, 232. Brothers, D. , Condon, E. , Cross, B. A. , Ganske, K. M. , amp; Lewis, E. (2011). Taming the Beast of Lateral Violence Among Nurses. Virginia Nurses Today, 7. Center for American Nurses. (2008, February). Lateral Violence and Bullying in the workplace. Center for American Nurse: Lateral Violence and Bullying in the workplace: Position Statement. Dulaney, P. (2010). Ethical and Legal Resources that relate to Lateral Violence. South Carolina Nurse, 5. Embree, J. L. , amp; White, A. H. (2010). Concept Analysis: Nurse-to-Nurse. Nursing Forum: An independent voice for nursing, 166-173. Harley. (n. d. ). Lateral Violence Background. Retrieved from Upstate AHEC: http://upstateahec. org/lateral-violence-programs/lateral-violence/ Harter, N. , amp; Moody, C. (2010). The Cost of Lateral. The South Carolina Nurse, 4. Mck enna, B. G. , Smith, N. A. , Poole, S. J. , amp; Coverdale, J. H. (2003). Horizontal violence: experiences of Registered Nurses in their first year of practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 90-96. Purpora, C. , amp; Blegen, M. A. (2012). Horizontal Violence and the Quality and Safety of Patient Care: A Conceptual Model. Nursing Research and Practice, 5. Stroud, S. H. (2010). Lateral Violence: Creating an Organizational Culture Change to Improve Retention. The South Carolina Nurse, 10. Ward-Smith, P. (2011). Lets Leave Bullying on the Playground! Urological Nursing, 257, 263. Weinand, M. R. (2007). Horizontal Violence in Nursing: History, Impact, and Solution. The Journal of Chi Eta Phi Sorority, 23-26. Yoder-Wise, P. S. (2011). Leading and Managing in Nursing. St. Louis: Elsevier.

Marijuana as a Gateway Drug the Causal Fallacy Essay Example

Marijuana as a Gateway Drug: the Causal Fallacy Paper Marijuana as a Gateway Drug: The Causal Fallacy The marijuana plant, perhaps the most widely-used illicit drug in the world, was once demonized by authorities and the media. In the 1936 film Marijuana: Weed with Roots in Hell, director Dwain Esper portrayed teens smoking marijuana and then engaging in perceived evils such as nude bathing and unchaperoned partying, with one girl becoming pregnant. The film went on to further depict the characters becoming addicted to marijuana and committing serious crimes including a police shootout and kidnapping for ransom. These claims are based on the type of faulty casual analysis that has given rise to anti-marijuana myths that have endured over the years, but they are fortunately starting to abate. While the Western world has lightened up, some misconceptions persist, particularly those based on casual fallacy. An example of such a fallacy can be found in the argument that marijuana is a â€Å"gateway drug† which causes users to eventually progress to hard drugs, when that’s not actually the case. The correlation between marijuana and other illegal substances is not in dispute, nor is the chronology in that marijuana use typically precedes other drug use. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana as a Gateway Drug: the Causal Fallacy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana as a Gateway Drug: the Causal Fallacy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana as a Gateway Drug: the Causal Fallacy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Studies show that a hard drug users’ first experience with an illicit drug is likely to be marijuana, and that nearly every hard drug user has tried marijuana at least once. Furthermore, studies also show that marijuana users are more likely to try hard drugs than non-users. But correlation and chronology doesn’t imply causation, and it’s causation that is at the crux of the â€Å"gateway drug† argument. The reason marijuana use typically occurs before other illicit drug is because it’s readily available and accessible, especially for youth. Instead of having to venture to a store and provide photo ID as a young teens would with liquor and tobacco, they might be able to buy marijuana without having to leave school property or even their own home. Acquiring it may involve only placing a quick phone call to a drug dealer and having it delivered like a pizza. The primary reason for this is marijuana’s illegality. By outlawing marijuana it’s driven to the black market where there is no age restriction or code of ethics. Furthermore, a marijuana dealer may also introduce customers to their harder product lines, or at least connect them with someone who can. Dealers tend to be more cautious of selling harder drugs since the penalties, if caught, are much stiffer. Once trust is gained through the sale of marijuana, they might be more comfortable progressing to more serious transactions. Because of this, the first experience people may have to illicit drugs is likely to be marijuana, putting it in the position where it appears to cause other drug use simply because of chronological order. The lack of objective evidence showing a casual link between marijuana and hard drugs was discussed in the scientific literature as early as 1999. In the book Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base, published by the US Institute of Medicine, researchers wrote that â€Å"because it is the most widely used illicit drug, marijuana is predictably the first illicit drug most people encounter† and that â€Å"not surprisingly, most users of other illicit drugs have used marijuana first† (Joy et al. 6). However, â€Å"there is no conclusive evidence that the drug effects of marijuana are causally linked to the subsequent abuse of other illicit drugs† (Joy et al. 6). Subsequent research has similarly been unable to establish casual links. While most hard drug users started with marijuana, and most hard drug users have used marijuana, it’s important to note that most marijuana users don’t actually use hard drugs. If marijuana caused hard drug use we would expect the rates of marijuana use to be consistent with the rates of hard drug use. The rate of marijuana use is nearly six-times higher than the five major types of hard drugs combined, according to Canadian government statistics. Health Canada’s 2010 â€Å"Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Surveyâ€Å" reported that 10. 7% of respondents 15 years of age or older admitted to using marijuana in the past year, while only 0. % used crack, 0. 5% used speed, 0. 7% used ecstasy, and 0. 7% used some type of illicit hallucinogen (excluding salvia). The total reported usage for these other drugs is 1. 8%, nearly one-sixth that of marijuana. Another factor is that marijuana users tend to be more prone to using hard drugs simply because they have t he personality traits conducive to substance abuse. These traits include the attitudes, feelings, responses, and behaviours that contribute to a person’s psychological makeup. In the 2002 article â€Å"Are Personality Traits Familial Risk Factors for Substance Use Disorders? researchers explain that â€Å"longitudinal studies have implicated personality characteristics as predisposing vulnerabilities for the subsequent development of substance-related disorders† (Swendsen et al. ). In this sense, marijuana and crack users have something in common; they are all willing to alter one’s mind to the chagrin of the law. Casual fallacies abound when we humans attempt to understand the world around us. It’s tempting to conclude that causation is established because there is a correlation or chronological order of events, but that’s not a logical approach. There are a multitude of factors to consider when establishing a causal link, and this is no exception. While marijuana is correlated with hard drugs, and marijuana use typically precedes hard drug use, it does not actually cause hard drug use. Like the other fallacies before it, the â€Å"gateway drug† fallacy is yet another marijuana myth that can hopefully be put to rest. Works Cited Canada. Health Canada. â€Å"Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey: 2010. † Ottawa: Health Canada, n. d. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. http://www. hc-sc. gc. a/hc-ps/drugs-drogues/stat/_2010/summary-sommaire-eng. php. Joy, Janet E. , et al. Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base. Washington, DC: The National Academic Press. 1999. Print. Marihuana: Weed with Roots in Hell! Dir. Dwain Esper. Perf. Harley Wood, Hugh McArthur, Pat Carlyle, and Paul Ellis. Roadshow Attractions Inc. , 1936. Film. Swendsen, Joel D. , et al. â€Å"Are Personality Traits Familial Risk Factors for Subs tance Use Disorders? Results of a Controlled Family Study† The American Journal of Psychiatry 159. 10 (2002): 1760-1766. Web. 18 Nov. 2011.

Definition and Examples of Expletives in English

Definition and Examples of Expletives in English In English grammar, expletive (pronounced EX-pli-tiv, from Latin, to fill) is a traditional term for a word- such as there  or  it- that serves to shift the emphasis in a sentence or embed one sentence in another.  Sometimes called a syntactic expletive or  (because the expletive has no  apparent  lexical meaning) an  empty word. There is also a second definition. In general usage, an expletive is an exclamatory word or expression, often one thats profane or obscene. In the book Expletive Deleted: A Good Look at Bad Language (2005), Ruth Wajnryb points out that expletives are frequently uttered without addressing anyone specifically. In this sense, they are reflexive- that is, turned in on the user. Examples and Observations of the First Definition Rather than providing a grammatical or structural meaning as the other structure-word classes do, the expletives- sometimes defined as empty words- generally act simply as operators that allow us to manipulate sentences in a variety of ways. (Martha Kolln, Understanding English Grammar, 1998) Full (Content) Words and  Empty (Form) Words It is now generally accepted that the absolute terms (full words and empty  words) and the rigid division of the dichotomy are misleading: on the one hand, there is no agreed way of quantifying the degrees of fullness which exist; on the other hand, the only words which seem to qualify as empty are the forms of be, to, there, and it- but only in certain of their uses, of course, viz. be as copula, infinitival to, there and it as unstressed subject props. . . . Most of the words commonly adduced as empty (e.g., of, the) can be shown to contain meaning, definable in terms other than stating grammatical contexts . . .. (David Crystal, English Word Classes. Fuzzy Grammar: A Reader,  ed by Bas Aarts et al. Oxford University Press, 2004)I dont believe them, Buttercup thought. There are no sharks in the water and there is  no blood in his cup. (William Goldman,  The Princess Bride, 1973)When youre not here to look at me I have to laugh at  your absurd powers. (Rosellen Brown, How to Win. The Massachusetts Review, 1975) Its  a pity that Kattie couldnt be here tonight. (Penelope Fitzgerald,  The Bookshop. Gerald Duckworth, 1978)There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle. (attributed to Albert Einstein) Expletive Constructions: Stylistic Advice [A] device for emphasizing a particular word (whether the normal complement or the normal subject) is the so-called expletive construction, in which we begin the sentence with It is or There is. Thus, we can write: It was a book that John gave (or simply It was a book). But we can also write, throwing stress on the normal subject: It was John who gave the book. . . .Be on your guard against drifting into expletive or passive constructions. Obviously we achieve no emphasis if . . . we begin a good half of our sentences with It is or There is . . .. All emphasis or haphazard emphasis is no emphasis. (Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren, Modern Rhetoric, 3rd ed. Harcourt, 1972) Examples and Observations of Definition #2 Oh, my goodness! Oh,  my gracious! Oh, my  golly! What a narrow escape! What a near miss! What good fortune for our friends! (Roald Dahl,  Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator, 1972)Holy mackerel.  Youre Aaron Maguires son? Good grief.  Good heavens. Your familys practically a dynasty in South Bend. Everybody knows theyre wallowing in money. (Jennifer Greene, Blame It on Paris. HQN, 2012)His arms give way and he crumples onto the grass, shrieking and laughing and rolling down the hill. But he lands on a stiff little thorn branch.  Shit bugger  bloody,  shit bugger  bloody. (Mark Haddon, The Red House. Vintage, 2012) Expletive Deleted (1) Originally, an expression used to fill out a line of verse or a sentence, without adding anything to the sense. (2) An interjected word, especially an oath or a swearword. At the time of the Watergate hearings in the U.S. in the 1970s, during the presidency of Richard Nixon, the phrase expletive deleted occurred frequently in the transcript of the White House tapes. The connection between original and derived meaning is caught in the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1987), explaining the expletive use of f-ing as an adjective in I got my f-ing foot caught in the f-ing door: it is used as an almost meaningless addition to speech. Here, it is meaningless at the level of ideas but hardly at the level of emotion. (R. F. Ilson, Expletive. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 1992) Infixes The places where expletives may be inserted, as a matter of emphasis, are closely related to (but not necessarily identical to) the places where a speaker may pause.  Expletives are  normally positioned at word boundaries (at positions which are the boundary for  grammatical  word and also for phonological word). But there are exceptions- for instance the sergeant-majors protest that I wont have no more insu blood ordination from you lot or such things as Cindy bloody rella . . .. McCarthy (1982) shows that expletives may only be positioned immediately before a stressed  syllable. What was one unit now becomes two phonological words (and the expletive is a further word).(R.M.W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Words: A Typological Framework. Word: A Cross-Linguistic Typology, ed. by  Dixon and Aikhenvald. Cambridge University Press, 2003)

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Investing In Real Estate Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Investing In Real Estate - Essay Example Is there such a thing like that? I believe there is. However, tantamount to the success of an individual in the field of investment are his or her invested efforts and generated knowledge. Today, there are many investments to choose from. The choice of one good investment is subjective or in a way, selective based on someone’s evaluative criteria. It is promising to invest in real estate, but it is still cannot be realized until someone learns to exert his or her efforts and critical analysis on related things, which are needed in order to successfully perpetuate in this kind of business. It takes extra effort to finally achieve the fruit of all endeavors. However, all exerted efforts are still subject to someone’s core skills. Just like any other investments, skills are needed to be successful in real estate investment. It can be actually viewed this way. The value of land does not depreciate. The law of supply and demand can actually be applied into this. Considering that the world population is increasing year by year, people are looking for resources to survive. The demand for land will increase. Land on the other hand will become a scarce resource. The higher the demands for land resource while its quantity decreases, the higher the price will become. This is one of the reasons why investing in real estate seems a good idea that somebody can carry on. In addition, as population increases, many people will be looking for homes. For those who cannot afford to buy a piece of land, the most convenient way is to look for housing for rent or affordable apartments for lease. This definitely makes investment in real estate an area of choice since a strong demand for shelter is integral to the existence of humanity. Many people are trying to invest in real estate for as mentioned, it promises good opportunity. Like any other investment, real estate is